Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Gothenburg shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Gothenburg offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Gothenburg at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Gothenburg? Wrong! If the Gothenburg is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Gothenburg then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Gothenburg? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Gothenburg and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Gothenburg wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Gothenburg then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Gothenburg site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Gothenburg, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Gothenburg, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
{{Infobox City|official_name = Gothenburg|native_name = Göteborg|motto =|image_skyline = Götheborgs-utkiken.jpg|imagesize =|image_caption =|image_flag =|nickname = "Lilla London" (Little London) and "Sveriges framsida" (The front side of Sweden)
|image_shield = City of Gothenburg.png|image_map = Göteborg Municipality in Västra Götaland County.png|subdivision_type =
Countries of the world|subdivision_name =
Sweden|subdivision_name1 = [Västra Götaland County|subdivision_name2 = [Västergötland|leader_name = [Göran Johansson|established_date3 = 1621|area_magnitude =|area_total_km2 = 450|area_total_sq_mi = 174|area_land_km2 =|area_land_sq_mi =|area_water_km2 = 14.5|area_water_sq_mi = 5.6|area_water_percent = 3.2|area_urban_km2 = 199|area_urban_sq_mi = 77|area_metro_km2 = 3717|area_metro_sq_mi = 1435|population_as_of = 2006|population_note =|population_total = 490 961|population_density_km2 = 1083|population_density_sq_mi = 2807|population_metro = 884,401|population_density_metro_km2 = 238|population_density_metro_sq_mi = 616|population_urban = 510,491|population_density_urban_km2 = 2491|population_density_urban_sq_mi = 6439|timezone = [Central European Time|utc_offset = +1|timezone_DST = Central European Summer Time|utc_offset_DST = +2|latd=57 |latm=42 |lats= |latNS=N|longd=11 |longm=58 |longs= |longEW=E|elevation_m =|elevation_ft =|postal_code_type =|postal_code =|website = www.goteborg.se|footnotes =-->
Gothenburg (
Swedish language: ) ) is a City status in Sweden and
Municipalities of Sweden in the province Västergötland on the west-coast of
Sweden. As of 2006, the population was 489,787 in the city and 879,000 in the
Metropolitan Gothenburg, making it the second largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm. Gothenburg is also a significant university city with Scandinavia's largest university (Göteborg University) in terms of number of students.
Situated where the
Göta Älv discharges into the
Kattegat, the river divides Gothenburg in two halves, with the upper part located on the island
Hisingen. The inlet of Göta Älv is well suited for a harbor, and Gothenburg has expanded its port to become the largest amongst the Nordic countries. Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed)
Name
The city was named after the Geats (Swedish:
Götar varied: Geatas, Gautar,
Goths, Gotar, Gøtar, Götar), the inhabitants of southern Sweden - i.e.
"Defense of the Geats".Hellquist, E. Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Pamp, B. Ortnamnen i Sverige. Svenska ortnamnsarkiv. AWE/Gebers serie om ortnamnen i våra landskap.
In
Dutch language,
Scots language,
German language and English language - languages with a long history of being spoken in the trade and maritime-oriented city - the name
Gothenburg has traditionally been used for the city, while the
French language form of the city name is
Gothembourg. These traditional forms are now sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish
Göteborg.
History
In the 16th and 17th century, the configuration of Sweden's borders made Gothenburg strategically important as the Swedish gateway to the west, lying on the west coast in the narrow area between the territories of Denmark-Norway. After several failed attempts, Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (Gustaf II Adolf). The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch. Dutch city planners were contracted to build the city as they had the skills needed to build in the marshy areas around the city. The town was planned after Netherlands cities to have canals like Amsterdam, and the blueprint for the canals of Gothenburg are actually the same as those used for
Jakarta. The Dutchmen initially won political power and it was not until 1652, when the last Dutch politician in the city's council died, that the
Sweden acquired political power over Gothenburg.Henriksson, Dick and Älveby, Rustan. (1994).
Vårt Levebröd - Göteborgregionens näringsliv Igår, I dag och I morgon. Publisher: Akademiförlaget. Page 5. ISBN 91-24-16635-9 During the Dutch period the town followed Dutch town laws and there were propositions to make Dutch the official language in the town.
The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the
coat of arms of Sweden, symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem, the Three Crowns, to defend against its enemies.
In the
Treaty of Roskilde (1658) Denmark-Norway ceded the then Danish province Halland, to the south, and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or
Bohuslän to the north, leaving Gothenburg in a less exposed position. Gothenburg was able to grow into an important port and trade centre on the west coast thanks to the fact that it was the only city on the west coast that was granted, together with Marstrand, the rights to trade with merchants from other countries.Henriksson, Dick and Älveby, Rustan. (1994).
Vårt Levebröd - Göteborgregionens näringsliv Igår, I dag och I morgon. Publisher: Akademiförlaget. Page 5. ISBN 91-24-16635-9
In the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731 the Swedish East India Company was founded, and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to Asian countries.
The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and with the Swedish emigration to North America increasing, Gothenburg became Sweden's main point of departure. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg, Nebraska, a small Swedish settlement in the United States.
With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900). In the 20th century major companies that developed included
SKF (est. 1907) and
Volvo (est. 1926).
In more recent years however, the industrial section has faced a recession, which has spurred the development of new sectors such as increased merchandising, tourism and cultural and educational institutions.
In 2001,
Protests during the EU summit in Gothenburg 2001 in the city during the EU summit and the visit by
President of the United States George W. Bush.
Politics and government
See
Gothenburg Municipality
Geography
Gothenburg is situated on the western coast by Kattegatt, an arm of the
North Sea, at the outlet of the river
Göta älv and the
Göta Canal. Due to the Gulf Stream the city has a mild climate and quite a lot of rain. The archipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough, barren rocks and cliffs, which also is typical for the coast of Bohus County.
The Gothenburg Metropolitan Area extends to the municipalities of Ale, Sweden,
Härryda, Kungälv, Lerum,
Mölndal,
Partille,
Stenungsund, Tjörn, Öckerö in Västra Götaland County, and
Kungsbacka in Halland County.
Transport
s travel the wide streets (the one shown in the foreground is a vintage tram used mostly by tourists).
Air
Gothenburg-Landvetter Airport is an international airport serving the Gothenburg region in Sweden. With 5.2 million passengers in 2005 it is Sweden's second-largest airport. It is operated by the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration (Luftfartsverket). The airport is named after the small town of Landvetter, which is located in the municipality of Härryda. It is 20 km east of Gothenburg. It traditionally has had two
terminals, domestic and international, but they are now considered one single terminal. There is only one check-in area now, since all luggage has to be screened.
Gothenburg's second international airport is Gothenburg City Airport formerly known as Säve Flygplats and Sweden's 7th largest airport . It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality. Prior to the arrival of
Ryanair in
2001, the airport had 9000 passengers per year. In 2005, more than 500,000 flew from City Airport. In addition to commercial airlines, the airport is also operated by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard. Due to its location many business jets prefer flying to City Airport rather than Landvetter. Gothenburg City Airport can handle planes up to the size of a
Boeing 767, an
Airbus A320 or similar jets. The airport also accommodates General Aviation acitivities, including 2 flying clubs, Aeroklubben i Göteborg, one of Europe's oldest flying clubs , and Chalmers flygklubb.
Sea
The Swedish company Stena Line operates between Gothenburg/Fredrikshavn in Denmark and Gothenburg/
Kiel in
GermanyThe "
England ferry" (
Englandsfärjan) to Newcastle (currently run by the Denmark company
DFDS) ceased at the end of October 2006, "DFDS scraps Newcastle-Gothenburg line",
The Local,
7 September 2006: "Danish shipping company DFDS Seaways is to scrap the only passenger ferry route between Sweden and Britain, with the axing of the Gothenburg-Newcastle route at the end of October." after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century. The company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services, especially
Ryanair, as being the cause. DFDS Seaways' sister company, DFDS Tor Line, will continue to run scheduled
freight ships between Gothenburg and several English ports, and these have limited capacity for passengers, but not private vehicles. It is unclear if the Gothenburg-Kristiansand route will continue.
Rail and intercity bus
Other major transportation hubs are
Centralstationen ("the Central Station") and the Nils Ericson Terminal with trains and buses to various destinations in Sweden, as well as connections to Oslo and
Copenhagen (via Malmö).
Freight
Gothenburg is a logistic centre, with transports by train and truck from Sweden and Norway to Gothenburg harbour which is by far the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36.9 million tonnes a year (2004).Statistics from the homepage of the Port of Gothenburg
Public Transport
With about 80 km of double track the Gothenburg tram is the largest tram/light rail network in Northern Europe. The bus network, however, is almost as important. There are also some boat and ferry services.
Demographics
Gothenburg, as with most Swedish metropolitan areas, has a large immigrant population. Statistics Sweden According to SCB in 2005, there are 98,480 immigrants resident in Gothenburg, Exceldocument from the townships homepage which is about 20% of the population, out of which 10% are from
Iran and 9% from
Finland. The Iranian population, as well as other immigrants from the Middle East (notably
Iraq) and former
Yugoslavia, is concentrated in
Angered (most notably Hjällbo and Hammarkullen) and other suburbs in the north east (Bergsjön), while other immigrants from Scandinavia,
Southern Europe (notably
Portugal,
Italy and
Greece) and
Eastern Europe are far less segregated. Frölunda is also known for its larger Chinese population. Other notable East and South East Asian nationalities are the Thais and the Vietnamese.
Economy
By its naturally advantageous location, Gothenburg houses the largest harbour installation in Scandinavia. Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed) Trade and shipping have always been important businesses and in the 18th century, the city was the home to the Swedish East India Company. Industry developed into an important business, e.g., SKF,
Volvo, and
Ericsson.
The blue collar industries dominated until the late 1980s when shipyards started to shut down. The traditional industries are still important for the economy, with Volvo Cars being the largest employer not including a significant number of automotive parts suppliers, but high tech industries have grown up alongside them, with a number of smaller computer software vendors. Banking and finance are also important trades as well as the event and tourist industry. Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed)
Education
The city has two universities: Gothenburg University and the
Chalmers University of Technology. They were both initiated in the 19th century as university colleges on private donations. Gothenburg University has approximately 50,000 students making it the largest university in Scandinavia.http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/
The Chalmers University of Technology is located in Johanneberg 2 km south of inner city.
There are also four
folk high schools (
Arbetarrörelsens Folkhögskola i Göteborg,
Folkhögskolan i Angered,
Göteborgs Folkhögskola, and
Kvinnofolkhögskolan).
Gothenburg has some 25-30
gymnasium (school). Two of the more notable schools are
Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet, and Göteborgs Högre Samskola.
International cooperation
- Twin towns
- Bergen, Norway, Norway
- Turku, Finland
- Århus, Denmark
The cooperation with South African City of Port Elizabeth (established 1998) is a partnership fostering development of common fields of interest such as solid waste management, public libraries, sport and tourism.
- Sister cities
- Chicago, United States (Since 1987)
- Kraków, Poland
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Tallinn, Estonia
- Rostock, Germany
Culture
by Carl Milles -- an often used symbol of Gothenburg.The sea, trade and industrial history of the city is evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg. The biggest attraction in the city is the amusement park
Liseberg (see Sites of interest). Another fact related to the industrial heritage of the city is that many of the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals and the university, were created thanks to donations from rich merchants and industrialists, for example the Röhss Museum.
The 1923 Gothenburg Industrial Exhibition saw the creation of the art museum and a number of other institutions. The event culture of the city was an important factor behind the creation of a number of other sport and cultural institutions.
There are many free theatre ensembles in the city, besides institutions like
Gothenburg City Theatre,
Backa Theatre (youth theatre), and Folkteatern.
The
Gothenburg Film Festival, held each year, is the biggest film festival in Scandinavia. http://www.filmfestival.org/filmfestival/page/en/information/festivalen
Architecture
There are very few houses left from the 17th century when the city was founded, since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood.Nationalencyklopedin (NE), The Swedish National Encyclopedia (Most of this section is based on NE) One example is Skansen Crown. houses in the middle and older Landshövdingehus at the top.The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the Swedish East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city. Imposing stone houses with a Classical architecture look were erected around the canals. One example from this period is the East India House, which today houses City Museum of Gothenburg.
In the 19th century the wealthy bourgeoisie begun to move outside the city walls which had protected the city when the Union of Denmark and Norway was still a threat. The style now was an eclectic, academic, somewhat over decorated style which the middle-class favoured. The working class lived in the overcrowded city district
Haga, Gothenburg, in wooden houses.
In the 19th century the first important town plan after the founding of city was created, which led to the construction of the main street
Kungsportsavenyn.The perhaps most significant type of houses of the city,
Landshövdingehusen, were built in the end of the 19th century; three story-houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood.
A very important period in the architectural history of the city was the early 20th century, when the National Romanticism style dominated. Among the many monumental building erected the
Masthugget Church can be mentioned.
And in the beginning of the 1920s, when the city celebrated its 300th anniversary, the Götaplatsen square with its Neoclassical architecture look was built.
After this the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was Functionalism (architecture) which especially dominated the suburbs like Västra Frölunda and
Bergsjön. In the 1950s the big stadium Ullevi was erected when Sweden hosted the 1958 World Cup in football.
The modern architecture of the city is being formed by such architects as Gert Wingårdh who started as a
Post-Modernist in the 1980s.
A further remarkable construction is
Brudaremossen masts, one of the few partially guyed towers in the world.
Music
Gothenburg has a rich music life - the
Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra is the best known when it comes to classical music. Gothenburg also was the birthplace of the Swedish composer
Kurt Atterberg. Bands like The Soundtrack of Our Lives and Ace of Base are well known pop representatives of the city. There is also an active indie scene.
The city is also noted for being the centre of the
melodic death metal movement (sometimes even called "Scandinavian death metal"). Gothenburg metal is unique and distinct because of its very melodic and sometimes progressive guitar riffs and solos, and the clean singing that is incorporated (instead of just using the traditional
death grunt vocals). Gothenburg's own At the Gates, In Flames, and
Dark Tranquillity are credited with pioneering this melodic style. The Gothenburg metal has influenced numerous significant metal scenes across Europe and the rest of the world, including Finland, the
United States, and Canada.
Food and drink
Gothenburg, with its location by the
North Sea, is famous for its many fish dishes and varieties of these dishes. Various fish restaurants exist in the city, all from low class shacks to world class eateries. The city also has a number of star chefs – over the past decade, 7 of the Swedish Chef of the Year Awards have been won by Gothenburgers. A popular place to buy fish ingredients is the
Feskekôrka ("Fish Church"); an indoor fish market, which got it's name from the building's resemblance to a Gothic architecture church. Four Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2006
Michelin Guide: 28 +, Basement, Fond and Sjömagasinet.Information from the tourist company Göteborg & Co, website www.goteborg.com
Sports
Held events:
Annual events:
Arena in central Gothenburg
Planned events:
- 2008 World Figure Skating Championships
Arenas:
Teams:
Sites of interest
Gothenburg has a number of cultural establishments. A new
opera house was inaugurated in 1994, the
Gothenburg Opera. Museums include art (Gothenburg Museum of Art) and (Göteborgs Konsthall), design and handcrafts (the Röhss Museum), sea history, natural history, science, East India, and the Museum of World Culture inaugurated in 2004.
Kungsportsavenyn, commonly known as just
Avenyn, "The Avenue", is the main boulevard. It was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international town planning competition.Guide till Sveriges arkitektur, red. Waern, Caldenby, Arkitektur förlag With a total length of about one kilometer, it stretches from the old moat at the edge of the older part of Gothenburg, and ends at the
Götaplatsen square, where the
Gothenburg Museum of Art and several other cultural institutions are located.
Avenyn passes the Stora teatern, a Neo-Renaissance theatre and opera building from 1859, and has the citys biggest concentration of pubs, discoteques and restaurants.
The
Göteborg Botanical Garden Göteborg Botanical Garden is considered to be one of the most important botanical gardens in Europe with three stars in the French Guide Rouge.
Next to the botanical garden is Gothenburg's largest park,
Slottsskogen, where the Natural History Museum (Naturhistoriska Museet) is located. The park is also home to the city's oldest observatory.
The amusement park
Liseberg located in the central part of the city, is the largest in Scandinavia by number of rides, and the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year (>3 millions). Located near Liseberg is a science discovery centre named Universeum.
One of Gothenburg's most popular tourist attractions is the archipelago (
Southern Gothenburg Archipelago), which can be reached by boat. Älvsborg Fortress,
Vinga (Gothenburg) and Styrsö islands are popular places to visit.
Image gallery
Images of buildings and places mentioned in the textImage:Avenyn.jpg|AvenynImage:Goteborg domkyrkan.jpg]Image:Goteborgopera.JPG|
Gothenburg OperaImage:Konstmuseet Göteborg.JPG]Image:MillesPoseidon.jpg|
Carl Milles'
PoseidonImage:Haganygata.jpg]Image:Göteborg från Liseberg.jpg|
LisebergImage:Museum of World Culture Göteborg entrance.jpeg]Image:Skansenkronan.jpg|
Skansen CrownImage:Älvsborgs fästning.jpg]Image:Gothenburg, Sweden, from the Älsborgs Bridge.jpg|Gothenburg inlet
See also
External links
- Alla tiders Göteborg. Göteborgs historia
- Gothenburg & Co. - Official Tourist site
- Gothenburg - Official City site
- Gothenburg Botanic Garden - Official site
- Architecture in Gothenburg - Pdf-guide in English
- Sweden Unzipped - New York Times travel article, September 23, 2007
- Urban Planning of Gothenburg - Pdf-guide in English
Notes and references
{{Infobox City|official_name = Gothenburg|native_name = Göteborg|motto =|image_skyline = Götheborgs-utkiken.jpg|imagesize =|image_caption =|image_flag =|nickname = "Lilla London" (Little London) and "Sveriges framsida" (The front side of Sweden)
|image_shield = City of Gothenburg.png|image_map = Göteborg Municipality in Västra Götaland County.png|subdivision_type = Countries of the world|subdivision_name =
Sweden|subdivision_name1 = [Västra Götaland County|subdivision_name2 = [Västergötland|leader_name = [Göran Johansson|established_date3 = 1621|area_magnitude =|area_total_km2 = 450|area_total_sq_mi = 174|area_land_km2 =|area_land_sq_mi =|area_water_km2 = 14.5|area_water_sq_mi = 5.6|area_water_percent = 3.2|area_urban_km2 = 199|area_urban_sq_mi = 77|area_metro_km2 = 3717|area_metro_sq_mi = 1435|population_as_of = 2006|population_note =|population_total = 490 961|population_density_km2 = 1083|population_density_sq_mi = 2807|population_metro = 884,401|population_density_metro_km2 = 238|population_density_metro_sq_mi = 616|population_urban = 510,491|population_density_urban_km2 = 2491|population_density_urban_sq_mi = 6439|timezone = [Central European Time|utc_offset = +1|timezone_DST = Central European Summer Time|utc_offset_DST = +2|latd=57 |latm=42 |lats= |latNS=N|longd=11 |longm=58 |longs= |longEW=E|elevation_m =|elevation_ft =|postal_code_type =|postal_code =|website = www.goteborg.se|footnotes =-->
Gothenburg (Swedish language: ) ) is a City status in Sweden and Municipalities of Sweden in the province
Västergötland on the west-coast of
Sweden. As of 2006, the population was 489,787 in the city and 879,000 in the Metropolitan Gothenburg, making it the second largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm. Gothenburg is also a significant university city with Scandinavia's largest university (Göteborg University) in terms of number of students.
Situated where the Göta Älv discharges into the
Kattegat, the river divides Gothenburg in two halves, with the upper part located on the island Hisingen. The inlet of Göta Älv is well suited for a harbor, and Gothenburg has expanded its port to become the largest amongst the
Nordic countries. Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed)
Name
The city was named after the Geats (Swedish:
Götar varied: Geatas, Gautar, Goths, Gotar, Gøtar, Götar), the inhabitants of southern Sweden - i.e.
"Defense of the Geats".Hellquist, E. Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Pamp, B. Ortnamnen i Sverige. Svenska ortnamnsarkiv. AWE/Gebers serie om ortnamnen i våra landskap.
In Dutch language,
Scots language, German language and English language - languages with a long history of being spoken in the trade and maritime-oriented city - the name
Gothenburg has traditionally been used for the city, while the
French language form of the city name is
Gothembourg. These traditional forms are now sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish
Göteborg.
History
In the 16th and 17th century, the configuration of Sweden's borders made Gothenburg strategically important as the Swedish gateway to the west, lying on the west coast in the narrow area between the territories of
Denmark-Norway. After several failed attempts, Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 by King
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (Gustaf II Adolf). The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch. Dutch city planners were contracted to build the city as they had the skills needed to build in the marshy areas around the city. The town was planned after Netherlands cities to have canals like Amsterdam, and the blueprint for the canals of Gothenburg are actually the same as those used for
Jakarta. The Dutchmen initially won political power and it was not until 1652, when the last Dutch politician in the city's council died, that the Sweden acquired political power over Gothenburg.Henriksson, Dick and Älveby, Rustan. (1994).
Vårt Levebröd - Göteborgregionens näringsliv Igår, I dag och I morgon. Publisher: Akademiförlaget. Page 5. ISBN 91-24-16635-9 During the Dutch period the town followed Dutch town laws and there were propositions to make Dutch the official language in the town.
The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden, symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem, the Three Crowns, to defend against its enemies.
In the Treaty of Roskilde (1658) Denmark-Norway ceded the then Danish province
Halland, to the south, and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or
Bohuslän to the north, leaving Gothenburg in a less exposed position. Gothenburg was able to grow into an important port and trade centre on the west coast thanks to the fact that it was the only city on the west coast that was granted, together with Marstrand, the rights to trade with merchants from other countries.Henriksson, Dick and Älveby, Rustan. (1994).
Vårt Levebröd - Göteborgregionens näringsliv Igår, I dag och I morgon. Publisher: Akademiförlaget. Page 5. ISBN 91-24-16635-9
In the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731 the Swedish East India Company was founded, and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to Asian countries.
The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and with the
Swedish emigration to North America increasing, Gothenburg became Sweden's main point of departure. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg, Nebraska, a small Swedish settlement in the United States.
With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900). In the 20th century major companies that developed included
SKF (est. 1907) and
Volvo (est. 1926).
In more recent years however, the industrial section has faced a recession, which has spurred the development of new sectors such as increased merchandising, tourism and cultural and educational institutions.
In 2001, Protests during the EU summit in Gothenburg 2001 in the city during the EU summit and the visit by President of the United States
George W. Bush.
Politics and government
See
Gothenburg Municipality
Geography
Gothenburg is situated on the western coast by
Kattegatt, an arm of the North Sea, at the outlet of the river Göta älv and the Göta Canal. Due to the Gulf Stream the city has a mild climate and quite a lot of rain. The archipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough, barren rocks and cliffs, which also is typical for the coast of Bohus County.
The Gothenburg Metropolitan Area extends to the municipalities of
Ale, Sweden,
Härryda,
Kungälv,
Lerum,
Mölndal,
Partille,
Stenungsund, Tjörn,
Öckerö in Västra Götaland County, and Kungsbacka in Halland County.
Transport
s travel the wide streets (the one shown in the foreground is a vintage tram used mostly by tourists).
Air
Gothenburg-Landvetter Airport is an international airport serving the Gothenburg region in Sweden. With 5.2 million passengers in 2005 it is Sweden's second-largest airport. It is operated by the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration (Luftfartsverket). The airport is named after the small town of Landvetter, which is located in the municipality of Härryda. It is 20 km east of Gothenburg. It traditionally has had two terminals, domestic and international, but they are now considered one single terminal. There is only one check-in area now, since all luggage has to be screened.
Gothenburg's second international airport is Gothenburg City Airport formerly known as Säve Flygplats and Sweden's 7th largest airport . It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality. Prior to the arrival of Ryanair in
2001, the airport had 9000 passengers per year. In 2005, more than 500,000 flew from City Airport. In addition to commercial airlines, the airport is also operated by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard. Due to its location many business jets prefer flying to City Airport rather than Landvetter. Gothenburg City Airport can handle planes up to the size of a
Boeing 767, an
Airbus A320 or similar jets. The airport also accommodates General Aviation acitivities, including 2 flying clubs, Aeroklubben i Göteborg, one of Europe's oldest flying clubs , and Chalmers flygklubb.
Sea
The Swedish company Stena Line operates between Gothenburg/Fredrikshavn in
Denmark and Gothenburg/
Kiel in
GermanyThe "
England ferry" (
Englandsfärjan) to Newcastle (currently run by the Denmark company DFDS) ceased at the end of October 2006, "DFDS scraps Newcastle-Gothenburg line",
The Local, 7 September 2006: "Danish shipping company DFDS Seaways is to scrap the only passenger ferry route between Sweden and Britain, with the axing of the Gothenburg-Newcastle route at the end of October." after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century. The company cited high
fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services, especially
Ryanair, as being the cause. DFDS Seaways' sister company, DFDS Tor Line, will continue to run scheduled
freight ships between Gothenburg and several English ports, and these have limited capacity for passengers, but not private vehicles. It is unclear if the Gothenburg-Kristiansand route will continue.
Rail and intercity bus
Other major transportation hubs are
Centralstationen ("the Central Station") and the
Nils Ericson Terminal with trains and buses to various destinations in Sweden, as well as connections to Oslo and Copenhagen (via
Malmö).
Freight
Gothenburg is a logistic centre, with transports by train and truck from Sweden and Norway to Gothenburg harbour which is by far the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36.9 million tonnes a year (2004).Statistics from the homepage of the Port of Gothenburg
Public Transport
With about 80 km of double track the Gothenburg tram is the largest tram/light rail network in Northern Europe. The bus network, however, is almost as important. There are also some boat and ferry services.
Demographics
Gothenburg, as with most Swedish metropolitan areas, has a large immigrant population. Statistics Sweden According to SCB in 2005, there are 98,480 immigrants resident in Gothenburg, Exceldocument from the townships homepage which is about 20% of the population, out of which 10% are from Iran and 9% from Finland. The Iranian population, as well as other immigrants from the
Middle East (notably Iraq) and former Yugoslavia, is concentrated in Angered (most notably Hjällbo and Hammarkullen) and other suburbs in the north east (Bergsjön), while other immigrants from Scandinavia, Southern Europe (notably Portugal, Italy and
Greece) and Eastern Europe are far less segregated. Frölunda is also known for its larger Chinese population. Other notable East and South East Asian nationalities are the Thais and the Vietnamese.
Economy
By its naturally advantageous location, Gothenburg houses the largest harbour installation in
Scandinavia. Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed) Trade and shipping have always been important businesses and in the
18th century, the city was the home to the Swedish East India Company. Industry developed into an important business, e.g., SKF, Volvo, and
Ericsson.
The blue collar industries dominated until the late 1980s when shipyards started to shut down. The traditional industries are still important for the economy, with Volvo Cars being the largest employer not including a significant number of automotive parts suppliers, but high tech industries have grown up alongside them, with a number of smaller computer software vendors. Banking and finance are also important trades as well as the event and tourist industry. Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed)
Education
The city has two universities: Gothenburg University and the Chalmers University of Technology. They were both initiated in the 19th century as university colleges on private donations.
Gothenburg University has approximately 50,000 students making it the largest university in
Scandinavia.http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/
The Chalmers University of Technology is located in Johanneberg 2 km south of inner city.
There are also four folk high schools (
Arbetarrörelsens Folkhögskola i Göteborg,
Folkhögskolan i Angered,
Göteborgs Folkhögskola, and
Kvinnofolkhögskolan).
Gothenburg has some 25-30 gymnasium (school). Two of the more notable schools are Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet, and Göteborgs Högre Samskola.
International cooperation
The cooperation with South African City of
Port Elizabeth (established 1998) is a partnership fostering development of common fields of interest such as solid waste management, public libraries, sport and tourism.
Culture
by Carl Milles -- an often used symbol of Gothenburg.The sea, trade and industrial history of the city is evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg. The biggest attraction in the city is the amusement park
Liseberg (see Sites of interest). Another fact related to the industrial heritage of the city is that many of the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals and the university, were created thanks to donations from rich merchants and industrialists, for example the Röhss Museum.
The 1923 Gothenburg Industrial Exhibition saw the creation of the art museum and a number of other institutions. The event culture of the city was an important factor behind the creation of a number of other sport and cultural institutions.
There are many free theatre ensembles in the city, besides institutions like Gothenburg City Theatre, Backa Theatre (youth theatre), and Folkteatern.
The Gothenburg Film Festival, held each year, is the biggest film festival in Scandinavia. http://www.filmfestival.org/filmfestival/page/en/information/festivalen
Architecture
There are very few houses left from the 17th century when the city was founded, since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood.Nationalencyklopedin (NE), The Swedish National Encyclopedia (Most of this section is based on NE) One example is
Skansen Crown. houses in the middle and older Landshövdingehus at the top.The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the
Swedish East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city. Imposing stone houses with a
Classical architecture look were erected around the canals. One example from this period is the East India House, which today houses
City Museum of Gothenburg.
In the 19th century the wealthy bourgeoisie begun to move outside the city walls which had protected the city when the Union of Denmark and Norway was still a threat. The style now was an eclectic, academic, somewhat over decorated style which the middle-class favoured. The working class lived in the overcrowded city district
Haga, Gothenburg, in wooden houses.
In the 19th century the first important town plan after the founding of city was created, which led to the construction of the main street Kungsportsavenyn.The perhaps most significant type of houses of the city,
Landshövdingehusen, were built in the end of the 19th century; three story-houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood.
A very important period in the architectural history of the city was the early 20th century, when the National Romanticism style dominated. Among the many monumental building erected the
Masthugget Church can be mentioned.
And in the beginning of the 1920s, when the city celebrated its 300th anniversary, the
Götaplatsen square with its
Neoclassical architecture look was built.
After this the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was Functionalism (architecture) which especially dominated the suburbs like Västra Frölunda and Bergsjön. In the 1950s the big stadium
Ullevi was erected when Sweden hosted the 1958 World Cup in football.
The modern architecture of the city is being formed by such architects as Gert Wingårdh who started as a Post-Modernist in the 1980s.
A further remarkable construction is
Brudaremossen masts, one of the few
partially guyed towers in the world.
Music
Gothenburg has a rich music life - the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra is the best known when it comes to classical music. Gothenburg also was the birthplace of the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg. Bands like
The Soundtrack of Our Lives and
Ace of Base are well known pop representatives of the city. There is also an active indie scene.
The city is also noted for being the centre of the melodic death metal movement (sometimes even called "Scandinavian death metal"). Gothenburg metal is unique and distinct because of its very melodic and sometimes progressive guitar riffs and solos, and the clean singing that is incorporated (instead of just using the traditional
death grunt vocals). Gothenburg's own At the Gates, In Flames, and Dark Tranquillity are credited with pioneering this melodic style. The Gothenburg metal has influenced numerous significant metal scenes across Europe and the rest of the world, including Finland, the
United States, and Canada.
Food and drink
Gothenburg, with its location by the North Sea, is famous for its many fish dishes and varieties of these dishes. Various fish restaurants exist in the city, all from low class shacks to world class eateries. The city also has a number of star chefs – over the past decade, 7 of the Swedish Chef of the Year Awards have been won by Gothenburgers. A popular place to buy fish ingredients is the
Feskekôrka ("Fish Church"); an indoor fish market, which got it's name from the building's resemblance to a Gothic architecture church. Four Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2006
Michelin Guide: 28 +, Basement, Fond and Sjömagasinet.Information from the tourist company Göteborg & Co, website www.goteborg.com
Sports
Held events:
- 1992 European Football Championship
- 1993 in sports World Men's Handball Championship
- 1993 World Championships in Table tennis
- 1995 World Championships in Athletics
- 1997 in sports World Championships in Swimming (Short track)
- 1997 Davis Cup Finals, Tennis, Sweden-United States
- 1997 World Championships in Latin dance
- 1998 World Championships in Latin dance Formation dance
- 2002 European Men's Handball Championship
- 2002 Ice Hockey World Championships
- 2002 Volvo Ocean Race
- 2003 in sports World Championships in Skating (allround)
- 2004 in sports O-Ringen - A 5-days orienteering competition
- 2004 in sports World Championships in Skating (short track)
- 2004 in sports UEFA Cup Final
- 2006 Volvo Ocean Race
- 2006 European Championships in Athletics
Annual events:
Arena in central Gothenburg
Planned events:
- 2008 World Figure Skating Championships
Arenas:
Teams:
Sites of interest
Gothenburg has a number of cultural establishments. A new opera house was inaugurated in
1994, the Gothenburg Opera. Museums include art (
Gothenburg Museum of Art) and (Göteborgs Konsthall), design and handcrafts (the
Röhss Museum), sea history, natural history, science, East India, and the Museum of World Culture inaugurated in 2004.
Kungsportsavenyn, commonly known as just
Avenyn, "The Avenue", is the main boulevard. It was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international town planning competition.Guide till Sveriges arkitektur, red. Waern, Caldenby, Arkitektur förlag With a total length of about one kilometer, it stretches from the old moat at the edge of the older part of Gothenburg, and ends at the
Götaplatsen square, where the
Gothenburg Museum of Art and several other cultural institutions are located.
Avenyn passes the Stora teatern, a
Neo-Renaissance theatre and opera building from 1859, and has the citys biggest concentration of pubs, discoteques and restaurants.
The
Göteborg Botanical Garden Göteborg Botanical Garden is considered to be one of the most important
botanical gardens in
Europe with three stars in the French Guide Rouge.
Next to the botanical garden is Gothenburg's largest park,
Slottsskogen, where the Natural History Museum (Naturhistoriska Museet) is located. The park is also home to the city's oldest observatory.
The amusement park Liseberg located in the central part of the city, is the largest in Scandinavia by number of rides, and the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year (>3 millions). Located near Liseberg is a science discovery centre named Universeum.
One of Gothenburg's most popular tourist attractions is the archipelago (Southern Gothenburg Archipelago), which can be reached by boat.
Älvsborg Fortress, Vinga (Gothenburg) and
Styrsö islands are popular places to visit.
Image gallery
Images of buildings and places mentioned in the textImage:Avenyn.jpg|
AvenynImage:Goteborg domkyrkan.jpg]Image:Goteborgopera.JPG|Gothenburg OperaImage:Konstmuseet Göteborg.JPG]Image:MillesPoseidon.jpg|Carl Milles' PoseidonImage:Haganygata.jpg]Image:Göteborg från Liseberg.jpg|
LisebergImage:Museum of World Culture Göteborg entrance.jpeg]Image:Skansenkronan.jpg|Skansen CrownImage:Älvsborgs fästning.jpg]Image:Gothenburg, Sweden, from the Älsborgs Bridge.jpg|Gothenburg inlet
See also
External links
- Alla tiders Göteborg. Göteborgs historia
- Gothenburg & Co. - Official Tourist site
- Gothenburg - Official City site
- Gothenburg Botanic Garden - Official site
- Architecture in Gothenburg - Pdf-guide in English
- Sweden Unzipped - New York Times travel article, September 23, 2007
- Urban Planning of Gothenburg - Pdf-guide in English
Notes and references
GOTHENBURG
Offers information including history, economic development, attractions and education.
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